REFERENCES

Schalken. L. (n.d.). Birth Customs around the World. Retrieved from

http://www.parents.com/pregnancy/giving-birth/vaginal/birth-customs-around-the-  world/?page=2

Spanish ‘devil’ cleanses his spirit by leaping over newborn babies in centuries –old ritual. (2014).

Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2157457/Spanish-devil-cleanses-spirits-leaping-newborn-babies-centuries-old-ritual.html

McKinley. A. (n.d.). Passport to pregnancy: Traditions from around the world. Retrieved from

http://www.pnmag.com/pregnancy/passport-to-pregnancy-traditions-from-around-the-world-3/

Pregnancy and Child Birth from the Korean Perspective. (n.d.). Retrieved from

                http://www.hawaii.hawaii.edu/nursing/RNKorean11.html

Merchant. M. (2013). Photo Essay: A Baby is Born – Customs in a Rural Muslim Community in

Indonesia. Retrieved from http://simergphotos.com/2013/03/31/photo-essay-birth-and-infant-care-customs-in-a-rural-muslim-community-in-indonesia/

Milburn. N. (n.d.) Tradition for when Japanese Children are Born. Retrieved from

                http://classroom.synonym.com/traditions-japanese-children-born-7779.html

Jamaican Traditions: Birth and Death Practices. (n.d.).  Retrieved from

http://www.real-jamaica-vacations.com/jamaican-traditions.html

Baby Celebrations – the Japanese Way 2 (First Shrine Visit). (n.d.). Retrieved from

                http://blackcabbit.wordpress.com/2010/07/28/babycelebrations2/

To see the light of day…. Childbirth among the Newar in Nepal. (n.d.). Retrieved from

 http://www.ppguk.org/Guthi-Magazine-2005/childbirth-among-the-newar-in-nepal.html

Birth and Childhood Ritual: Traditions regarding Pregnancy. (n.d.). Retrieved from

                http://africantribesuws.wordpress.com/birth-and-childhood-rituals/

Lejla., & Lejla. (2013). Unusual Traditions after the Birth of Baby. Retrieved from

                http://www.bubblews.com/news/1045685-unusual-traditions-after-the-birth-of-baby

Strong and Sweet Saying for Moms. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.the-essential-infant-resource-for-moms.com/Sweet-Sayings.html

 Japanese Life Time Ritual. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ogasawara-ryu.com/en/ome15.html 

The Infant in the Kradong. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://books.google.com.my/books?id=TDyKxvyNBa8C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=newborn+baby+tradition+in+thailand&source=bl&ots=SJ1ZJAp7NW&sig=gyltL4cmcfTbc4iUmzZUXCK3Bos&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0EH5U92THNOhugS5zoKwBw&ved=0CFEQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=newborn%20baby%20tradition%20in%20thailand&f=false

Debra. (2013). Bali Nyabutan Ceremony: Baby First Touches the Mother Earth. Retrieved from

http://www.debrapascalibonaro.com/bali-nyambutin-ceremony-baby-first-touches-the-mother-earth-2/

Bizzari. H. B. (n.d.). The Sebou Ceremony: Bringing a modern Egyptian baby into the world. Retrieved

 from http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/sebou.htm

Birth in South Africa: Indigenous Traditions. (2011). Retrieved from

                http://www.spiritualbirth.net/birth-in-south-africa-indigenous-traditions 

Tears of Crying Baby

Hello readers :)

My story has come to the end??

Well, it is sad to say that we have come to the last part of the story which is to conclude about my blog. Actually, this is my second time writing entries on blog since I have experienced once writing for personal purpose only. I never thought that I can finish this thing such as designing the banners, add some widgets here and there, writing up few entries and so on.

Writing entries is easy but to make it alive and attractive for readers to read is not an easy task. I must say that I am proud with myself so far since I never put all my efforts and time to be as creative as I could like what I did for this blog. 

My hope upon this blog is that readers will gain something by read through all the entries that is basically about the unique ritual or custom of the newborn baby. Yes, some might says this blog only suitable for newmother or adults but hey, it is an academic purpose so I welcome everyone to sit back and enjoy reading my entries.

Last but not least. Special thanks to Madam Hawinda, who guide me from the beginning and also suggesting this topic. Also thank you to my family who always there behind me to support me and friends who help me in making this blog alive. Till then, good bye readers :)

Newborn Baby in Nepal

"Babies are such a nice way to start people" - Don Herold

In Nepal country, there's no ritual in celebrating newborn baby. They just celebrating it by let the mother and the baby enjoy their leisure time together. After the birth, the new mother and the baby spend four to six days in peace and harmony in the darkened birth room. The straw bed is placed in the room for both of them. At this moment, the relationship between mother and child can can unfold wonderfully. 

Straw bed that is going to be used for both mother and child

The midwife usually visits daily two or three times. She will clean up mother and child and massages both with preheated mustard oil and gives some advises to the mother regarding breastfeeding and other questions.

The newborn baby is being massaged from the first day onwards because the midwife believed the baby is offered an atmosphere that resembles the one in womb, so as to ease its entrance the world

Newborn Baby Thailand

"The moment a child is born, the mother is also born" - Rajneesh

Baby ritual in Thailand or specifically Kradong, there's a ritual named Kradong Morn. The named was given because according to the tradition, a baby in the village should spend it first three nights in a kradong morn. 

Kradong morn or plaited tray 

In this basket-tray, is placed a little mattress, filled with kapok. The tray need to be new. There's two reasonable reason why they used this kradong morn. First, it is convenient and practical for the baby to easily move around. Second, it is believed that magical because it protected against phii (evil)

Some people questioning why the baby must lie in the kradong for three nights. Here are some answers that reliable to understand

1. one night for each of the Three Gems
2. Three is better than any other figure
3. it is just tradition

Newborn Baby in Africa

"The belief in charms for protecting newborn infants is very strong in Greece" - J. T. Bent

Since there are so many tribes in Africa, they are many ritual to celebrate newborn baby. I have choose one ritual from Umtata people that live in South Eastern Cape of Africa. They have a ceremony after birth of a baby called Sifudu. It means passing child through smoke which accomplished by picking leaves from the Sifudu tree. 

the leaves of Sifudu tree have an exceptionally pungent aroma. 

A small fire is made in the centre of the hut, upon which leaves are placed, creating a thin pall of smoke, most irritating to mouth, nostrils and eyes. A woman holds a baby head downwards into the smoke, which gives such a shock it can hardly cry.

The ritual is believed to assure that when the child grows up, it will never be subject to fright nor be timid, shy or easily ridiculed by minor or adult, as it will stand it's ground

Other birth and childhood ritual upon African tribes can be seen here African tribes